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Y O R U B A
in brief, it holds that all human beings possess what is known as "ayanmo" (destiny, fate) and are expected to eventually become one in spirit with olodumare (olorun, the divine creator and source of all energy). furthermore, the thoughts and actions of each person in ayé (the physical realm/life) interact with all other living things, including the earth itself. iwapẹlẹ (or well-balanced) meditative recitation and sincere veneration is sufficient to strengthen the spiritual self of most people. well-balanced people, it is believed, are able to make positive use of the simplest form of connection between their oris and the omnipotent olu-orun: an adura (petition or prayer) for divine support. there are some parallels to voodoo, and therefore magic, ritual and respect for the earth and its creations are paramount |
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M A Y A
mayan texts describe religious rituals, astronomy, and divination, and are the most valuable source of information on the ancient civilization. many of them were destroyed by the spanish because of their pagan religious content, but three main codices have survived. the maya worshipped a pantheon of nature gods, each of which had both a benevolent side and a malevolent side. the most important deity was the supreme god itzamná, the creator god, the god of the fire and god of the hearth. human sacrifice seems to have been a central mayan religious practice. it was believed to encourage fertility, demonstrate piety, and propitiate the gods. the mayan gods were thought to be nourished by human blood, and ritual bloodletting was seen as the only means of making contact with them. the maya believed that if they neglected these rituals, cosmic disorder and chaos would result. at important ceremonies, the sacrificial victim was held down at the top of a pyramid or raised platform while a priest made an incision below the rib cage and ripped out the heart with his hands. the heart was then burned in order to nourish the gods. mayan aristocracy themselves, as mediators between the gods and their people, underwent ritual bloodletting and self-torture as well. the higher one's position, the more blood was expected. |