The TIMELINE
Victorian Era
1760 – 1840 :
First Industrial Revolution, the development of trade and the rise of business during the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840;
1783 :
A watershed year for
Ballooning and
Aviation. Between 4 June and 1 December, five aviation firsts were achieved in France:
❖ --
June 4 : unmanned hot air balloon demonstrated at Annonay, France;
❖ --
August 27 : world's first unmanned hydrogen-filled balloon launched from the Champ de Mars, Paris;
❖ --
October 19 : first manned flight, a tethered balloon with humans on board, launched at the Folie Titon in Paris. The aviators were the scientist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, Jean-Baptiste Réveillon, and Giroud de Villette;
❖ --
November 21 : first free flight with human passengers launched. King Louis XVI had originally decreed that condemned criminals would be the first pilots, but Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, along with the Marquis François d'Arlandes, successfully petitioned for the honor. They drifted 8 km (5 mi) in a balloon-powered by a wood fire;
❖ --
December 1 : manned hydrogen balloon launched from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris, as a crowd of 400,000 witnessed. They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550m) and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a flight of 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering 36 km. After Robert alighted Charles decided to ascend alone. This time he ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 9,800 feet (3,000 m), where he saw the sun again, suffered extreme pain in his ears, and never flew again;
1784 :
An engineer in the Hessian army,
J. H. Müller, devised and built an adding machine and described the basic principles of a difference machine in a book published in 1786 (the first written reference to a difference machine is dated to 1784), but he was unable to obtain funding to progress with the idea;
1824 :
June 8th - The English scientist,
Charles Babbage and his chief engineer,
Edward Robertson, succeeded with his
Difference Engine and went on to develop the
Analytical Engine. Following the
analytical/difference engines, came the
enhanced metallurgy, followed by the harnessing of natural steam energy;
1825 :
March 2 -
William James Maubrey III Scientist and Explorer, extraordinaire / Knight was born;
1830s - 1840s :
The
economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured;
1830 :
❖ --
Edward Robertson became financially and politically powerful and at the 1830 general election, opposed the Royalist Government lead by the
Duke of Sleat,
Conrad MacGregor who staged a coup d'etat later that year in an attempt to overturn his defeat and prevent the acceleration of technological change and social upheaval;
❖ --
Ballooning became a major "rage" in Europe providing the first detailed understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere. And with the invention and employment of steam, *ballooning* took on a new path forward;
1831 :
October 13th -
Duke of Sleat,
Conrad MacGregor was assassinated;
1833 :
Slavery Abolition Act started.
an act of parliament abolishing slavery throughout the Empire, barring the lands of the East India Company, Ceylon, and St. Helena, where slavery was abolished in 1834. The act of capturing and trading slaves for profit was already barred in 1807.; :
1837, June 20 thru 1901, January 22 :
Victorian Era: In the history of the United Kingdom, this was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of Continental Europe.
Quote:
"European civilization achieved its greatest power in global politics, and also exerted its maximum influence upon peoples outside Europe.”
❖ -- Morally and politically, this period began with the passage of the Reform Act 1832. There was a strong religious drive for higher moral standards led by the nonconformist churches, such as the Methodists, and the Evangelical wing of the established Church of England. Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and even mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts.
❖ -- Technologically, this era saw a staggering amount of innovations that proved key to Britain's power and prosperity. Domestically, the political agenda was increasingly liberal, with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform, social reform, and the widening of the franchise. There were unprecedented demographic changes: the population of England and Wales almost doubled and Scotland's population also rose rapidly. However, Ireland's population decreased sharply, mostly due to emigration and the Great Famine. Thanks to educational reforms, Britain approached universal literacy towards the end of the era; the market for children's literature and the publishing industry boomed.
❖ -- Britain's relations with the other Great Powers were driven by the colonial antagonism of the Great Game with Russia, climaxing during the Crimean War; a Pax Britannica of international free trade was maintained by the country's naval and industrial supremacy. Britain embarked on global imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa, which made the British Empire the largest empire in history. National self-confidence peaked. The more advanced colonies of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand gained political autonomy, and war with the United States of America was avoided. Apart from the Crimean War, Britain was not involved in any armed conflict with another major power.
❖ -- So the
Science and Technology Party (STP) came to power. The
Royalist Party and hereditary peerage were hidden. Trade unions assisted the ascendancy of the STP. As a result, anti-technological working-class revolutionaries were ruthlessly suppressed. Soon other
Political Factions of government,
Groups, Circles, Societies, and Criminalities were formed and grew. One major event that affected the people of the world, particularly the islands, was the
retaliation of Mother Nature. No one knows what caused the geological event, but its affects were felt by everything and everyone. The very core of the world met with destiny. A violent shake under the Sea caused major tidal waves to the west, devastating and swallowing many of the world’s smaller isles… including major devastation on Scotland’s Isle Lewis-Harris, obliterating Stornoway… and if that was not devastating enough, soon a geological formation formed without consequence on Isle Lewis-Harris… the plates of the earth’s crust shifted forming several volcanos spewing forth
steam… instead of
lava… And if one could only understand the freak of nature of the floating isles of Scotland’s Isle Lewis-Harris now.
❖ -- Such phenomena, similar to Isle Lewis-Harris, Rhum and Rona, occurred worldwide, caused by the effects of violent tremors of the seabed, followed by unexplained explosions which disrupted the land masses… As if by magic, several large formations began to float upwards… slowly at first, then more each year… as of recent, to be thousands of feet in the air. The rich and those seekers of fortune soon develop ways to use the steam volcano and means to get to the sky islands. Alas, only a few small settlements remain on the floating isles, those who seek the explanation and commercialization of the steam events;
1837 :
June 20 - Victoria crowned Queen of the British Empire on 20 June 1837 when her uncle, William IV, died. She was just 18. The coronation took place a year later at Westminster Abbey, on Thursday 28 June 1838;
1838 :
❖ --
Charles Dickens' 'Oliver Twist' is published. Charles Dickens was one of the greatest Victorian novelists. 'Oliver Twist' was, like many of Dickens' other novels, originally published in serial form and brought to public attention contemporary social evils. Dickens' other works included 'The Pickwick Papers', 'A Christmas Carol', 'David Copperfield' and 'Great Expectations';
❖ --
May 8 -
People's Charter advocates social and political reform; advocating democratic reform on the basis of six points:
one man, one vote; equal electoral districts; payment of members of parliament; elections by secret ballot; removal of property qualifications for MPs; and parliaments elected every year. 'Chartism' gained substantial support among working people during the next decade and presented three national petitions to parliament in 1839, 1842 and 1849. It was the most significant radical pressure group of the 19th century;
❖ --
September 17 -
London-Birmingham line opens and the railway boom starts. This line, which connected London to the Midlands for the first time, had been planned since 1833, with sections opened in 1837. The completion of the Kilsby Tunnel enabled the full 112-mile line, designed by the engineer Robert Stephenson, to be opened. London-Birmingham was the first railway line into the capital city, with passengers disembarking in the newly-designed Euston station. The line precipitated the first of the great railway booms;
1840 :
❖ --
February 10 - Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor. They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London;
❖ --
November 21 - Princess Victoria was born at Buckingham Palace, London. She was the first child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha;
1841 :
❖ --
September 19The
Analytical Engine, a
mechanical general-purpose computer, was started in 1833 by Charles Babbage; and by 1841, he had developed over two dozen programs for the
Analytical Engine. These programs treat polynomials, iterative formulas, Gaussian elimination, and Bernoulli numbers;
❖ --
November 9: Birth of Heir… Prince Albert Edward was born at 10:48 in the morning in Buckingham Palace. He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha;
1842[ :
❖ -- The first powered, controlled, sustained lighter-than-air flight is believed to have taken place when Edward Robertson’s company pilots flew 15 miles (24 km) in Skye, with a steam engine driven craft. This was the initial period that work on developing
steam-powered dirigibles started in earnest, and continued throughout the 19th century;
❖ -- Work on developing
steam-powered dirigibles continued throughout the 19th century. The first powered, controlled, sustained lighter-than-air flight is believed to have taken place when Edward Robertson’s company pilots flew 15 miles (24 km) in Skye, with a steam engine driven craft;
1843 :
April 25 - Birth of Princess Alice: Alice Maud Mary was born at Buckingham Palace in London. She was the second daughter and third child of Queen Victoria, and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; :
1844 :
August 6 - Birth of Prince Alfred: Alfred Ernest Albert was born at Windsor Castle to the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria, and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was second in the line of succession to the British throne behind his elder brother, Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales;
1845 :
❖ --
Dorian Gray, 17th Lord of Greystone, Playboy, philanderer, Entrepreneur, and Merchant; appears 23; Birthdate a fact that matters not, for he is over 348 years old;
❖ --
Undocumented Skirmishes in Aerospace :
a large amount of private bouts occur in aerospace between foreign powers, air pirates, warring merchants, clans, and more. This is because there are places in aerospace not heavily guarded and policed, and others with an "understanding" between one power or another that is easy to violate with the right amount of influence. It is also not uncommon for minorities such as gypsy clans to do battles for rites of passage, women, or territory in the air;
❖ --
Platinum Age of the Air Pirate :
the emergence of air materials in the Napoleonic War among the navy led to a resurgence of pirate ships, leaders, and activity in the aerospace. Privateers that were hired returned to piracy much as was done in the days of yore. Now there are privateers hired by kingdoms across Europe to plunder enemy treasure, private air troops, and pirates who participate in whatever it pleases them to do. While useful to the interests of the Crown, the air pirate culture is seen as detrimental to the cultivation of morality, religion, and decent living. Air Pirates are often able to cross social, cultural, and economic moors. They host an understanding of aerospace local and foreign culture many pay good money to get their hands on. Battles are common with pirates between the Royal Navy and Aeroforce, more often than not in the outlying colonies. Still, some are prone to happen in Ireland, off the coast of France, and on the English coast. Theirs was airspace even before the recognition of it;
❖ --
Establishment of Recognized English Aerospace:
the official use of air for military, economic, and travel modes is burgeoning. First recognized airspace is dedicated to the members of the "Royal Airbourne" who serve in the sky. From there, the formation of docking platforms, catwalks, elevators, and bridges across the city has begun. It also meant that the term "English Airspace" started to apply not only to the British Isles, but also to the 'air' surrounding English colonies. Arguing over 'air rights' and 'air space' in business and military negotiations now occurs;
1845-1849 :
Great Irish Famine, also known as
An Gorta Mór, the Great Hunger or the Great Starvation and sometimes referred to as the
Irish Potato Famine mostly outside Ireland, was a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1849.
❖ -- (
a disease effected the crops of potatoes through Ireland in the 1840's, resulting in widespread starvation and economic ruin for those who had potatoes as a man food source in the absence of bread, milk, and meat. Potatoes were but one instance of things that had gone wrong in the country of Ireland. Tenant-Landlord ruling systems, cheap labor, government representation, and more spilled out of this boiling country and over in to memory. Millions would die or emigrate to other parts of the Empire or the United States. )
❖ -- With the most severely affected areas in the west and south of Ireland, where the Irish language was dominant, the period was contemporaneously known in Irish as
An Drochshaol, loosely translated as the "hard times" (or literally, "The Bad Life"). The worst year of the period was 1847, known as "Black '47". During the famine, about one million people died and a million more emigrated, causing Ireland's population to fall by between 20% and 25% ;
1846 :
May 25 - Birth of Princess Helena - Helena Augusta Victoria was born at Buckingham Palace, the official royal residence in London, the day after her mother's 27th birthday. She was the third daughter and fifth child of Queen Victoria, and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha;
1848 :
❖ --
March 18 - Birth of Princess Louise – Louisa Caroline Alberta was born on 18 March 1848 at Buckingham Palace, London. She was the fourth daughter and sixth child of Queen Victoria, and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her birth coincided with revolutions which swept across Europe, prompting the queen to remark that Louise would turn out to be "something peculiar". The queen's labor with Louise was the first to be aided with chloroform;
❖ -- Babbage computers were abundant, if you were financially influential… Steam powered technologies have developed, so, steam carriages were a common sight of the financially affluent. There still people who explore the social consequences of an information technology revolution in the nineteenth century, such as the emergence of
"hackers", technologically proficient people, who are skilled at programming the Engines through the use of punch-cards;
1840s - 1850s :
Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of
locomotives, steamboats and steamships,
hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the
electrical telegraph, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth;
1850 :
❖ --
March 5:: Robert Stephenson's
Britannia Tubular Bridge is opened. The Tubular Bridge provided a rail link from the mainland of north Wales, near Bangor, across to Anglesey and on to Holyhead for ferries to Ireland. Its designer, Robert Stephenson, constructed two main spans with rectangular iron tubes 460 feet long. The bridge itself was 1,511 feet overall and novel in construction, since the box sections were constructed on shore and then floated into the straits to be lifted into place;
❖ --
May 1:: Birth of Prince Arthur - Arthur William Patrick Albert was born at Buckingham Palace, the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria, and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha;
1851 :
May 1 to October 15 -
The Great Exhibition – also known as The
Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations (even sometimes referred to as the
Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held), an international exhibition, took place in Hyde Park, London, the first in a series of World's Fairs, exhibitions of culture and industry. Sometimes referred to as
The Crystal Palace Exhibition, it was the first form of World's Fair wherein exhibition of machine, method, and more were brought in from all over the known world from May 1-October 15, 1851. The exhibition itself was largely the work of Prince Albert and other members in a society to encourage art, manufacturing, and commerce. It was a large success. One of the only disappointments can be traced back to a day in October, overlooked, called
The Crystal Palace Mysteries;
❖ --
The Crystal Palace Mysteries :
The Crystal Palace Mysteries refer to a series of unexplained events that allegedly occurred during the Great Exhibition of 1851, held in the iconic Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London. Organized primarily by Prince Albert and the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, the exhibition was a monumental success, showcasing the marvels of Victorian ingenuity and global innovation. However, in October of that year, reports emerged of strange phenomena, including the sudden disappearance of valuable artifacts, mysterious flickering lights within the glass structure, and whispers of shadowy figures moving undetected through the exhibition halls. These occurrences baffled organizers and attendees alike, casting a shadow over the otherwise triumphant event. While many dismissed these tales as rumors or exaggerations, others speculated about espionage, supernatural interference, or even advanced technologies beyond contemporary understanding;
❖ -- Another circumstance on the day in question, involved Babbage's Great Engine, which was unable to be displayed functioning for Analytical properties. It was sabotaged, with parts taken out. This is also the day that Countess Lovelace's punch cards went missing. Some refer to this day as The Crystal Palace Murders, as it saw the shooting down of
Professor Philomon Eliakim Cleverly, Electro-Light believer, and several others who were believed to be important to what some say ceased the unification of electro-light to steam power before the present time. From this day also spurns Difference Divers, Love-Lacers, and other strange folk who attempt to carry on the work of their favorites[/i]. The mysteries remain unresolved, adding an enduring air of intrigue to the legacy of the Crystal Palace;
1852 :
August 12 -
Edward Howard Frayne; Aristocrat & Well-Monied; preferred occupation: Police Inspector; Lieutenant, Scotland Yard, was born;
1853 :
April 7 - Birth of Prince Leopold: Leopold George Duncan Albert was born at Buckingham Palace, London, the eighth child and youngest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. During labor, Queen Victoria chose to use chloroform and thus sanctioned the use of anesthesia in childbirth, recently developed by Professor James Young Simpson. The chloroform was administered by John Snow. As a son of the British sovereign, the newborn was styled His Royal Highness The Prince Leopold at birth. His parents named him Leopold after their common uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium;
1853, October thru 1856, February :
Crimean War -
fought between Russia and Allied European Powers for territory in the Ottoman Empire. England fought with allies in small batches before official declaration of war. As the Ottoman Empire steadily weakened during the 19th century, Russia stood poised to take advantage by expanding south. In the 1850s, the British and the French, who were allied with the Ottoman Empire, were determined not to allow this to happen. Basically it was a military conflict fought in which Russia lost to an alliance made up of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, Sardinia and France. The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at the Ottoman Empire's expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over the keys to the Church of the Nativity, revealed a "great confusion of purpose", yet they led to a war noted for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery"…. basically stemmed from Russia's threat to multiple European interests with its pressure of Turkey; :
1854 :
Official English War Declaration (Crimean) - Britain and France officially declared war on Russia;
1857 :
April 14 - Birth of Princess Beatrice: Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore was born at Buckingham Palace and from birth, she became a favoured child.. She was the fifth daughter and youngest of the nine children of Queen Victoria, and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha;
1857, May 10 thru 1859, July 8 :
The Indian Mutiny was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown. ((
revolt of Indians against rule by the East India Company, which would end the East India Company all together and begin the age of the British Rahj. The Indians hoped to achieve freedom from Imperial Rule all together.)) The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi (now Old Delhi). It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region, and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858. On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859; :
1857 :
Lucca An’R-Kee; Underworld Financier; Man for Hire; Dirty deeds, done not so cheap; was, supposedly, born circa dead of winter, 1857; :
1859 :
November 24 -
Charles Darwin publishes
'On the Origin of Species’ On the Origin of Species (or, more completely,
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or
the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. The book created an immediate stir, since Darwin's theory appeared to contradict the bible's creation story and call into question ideas of divine providence. Despite the influence of Darwin's work, very few Victorian scientists took up an atheistic position as a result of reading it. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation; :
1861 :
❖ --
April 12 thru
1865,
April 9:
American Civil War:
war fought on American soil between the Northern and Southern United States over rights, laws, and ways of life. While some sympathized with the challenge the South endured, the attempt to bring the English in as mediators was not done as the North threatened war on whatever country recognized the Confederate South. England's part in this war came in the form of weapons purchased by both sides that appeared to make an industrial show of the battlefields;
❖ --
December 14:
Death of Prince Albert – Prince Edward had a reputation as a bit of a ladies’ man, and for irresponsibility. His parents (Queen Victoria and Prince Albert) were worried about his philandering ways, and wanted to see him married in an attempt to bring stability to his life. Princess Alexandra of Denmark was considered a suitable match and a meeting between the couple was arranged in 1861, where they were introduced by Victoria, Crown Princess of Prussia, who was Edward’s sister.
A few months later, Prince Albert died. Queen Victoria blamed Edward for this, believing that the fall-out from his affair with an actress had contributed to Albert’s death. Possibly in an attempt to placate his mother by carrying out the wishes of his father, at their next meeting Edward asked Alexandra for her hand in marriage. However, in a letter to her sister in September 1862, Lady Augusta Stanley, attendant to Queen Victoria, wrote
“All seems to go nicely. He is desperately in love, and His Mother *much* more pleased with him…” Regardless of accused reasoning, the Doctor diagnosed Albert with typhoid fever on 9 December. He died at 10:50 p.m. on 14 December in the Blue Room at Windsor Castle in the presence of the Queen and five of their nine children. ((Decades later it is estimated that Albert's ongoing stomach pain, leaving him ill for at least two years before his death, may indicate that a chronic disease, such as Crohn's disease, kidney failure, or abdominal cancer,)) Queen mourns lifelong.
The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the halfhearted feelings the public had felt previously for Albert were replaced by sympathy. The widowed Victoria never recovered from Albert's death; she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been, even with hot water brought in the morning and linen and towels changed daily. Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to re-model the monarchy as a national institution setting a moral, if not political, example;
1863 :
❖ -- Steerable balloons called
steam-powered dirigibles are employed during the American Civil War by the Union Army Balloon Corps;
❖ --
December 14:
The Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark at Windsor – Worried about Prince Edward’s philandering ways and irresponsibility, his parents (Queen Victoria and Prince Albert) wanted to see him married in an attempt to bring stability to his life. Princess Alexandra of Denmark was considered a suitable match and a meeting between the couple was arranged in 1861, where they were introduced by Victoria, Crown Princess of Prussia, who was Edward’s sister.
A few months later, Prince Albert died. Queen Victoria blamed Edward for this, believing that the fall-out from his affair with an actress had contributed to Albert’s death. Possibly in an attempt to placate his mother by carrying out the wishes of his father, at their next meeting
Edward asked Alexandra for her hand in marriage. However, in a letter to her sister in September 1862, Lady Augusta Stanley, attendant to Queen Victoria, wrote “All seems to go nicely. He is desperately in love, and His Mother
much more pleased with him…” The elaborate preparations for the wedding of the Prince of Wales, only the fifth to have taken place since the creation of the title, and the first at Windsor since 1361. The wedding of Albert Edward to Princess Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia of Denmark on 10 March 1863 was the grandest wedding ever to be held in St George’s Chapel;
1863 - 1865 :
Proclamation Killings:
the number of English commissions from the war, on both sides, drew much debate even before the war started when it was sensed it would happen. There was a great outcry among English social activists over the Proclamation Killings. Largely undocumented, numbers of Confederate licensed arms were used to massacre whole plantations and free areas of American Negroes over a two-year period. There was rumor that the practice even began prior to the war, when hunting out freedom seekers on 'railroad' paths. Leads to great socio-economic discussions in England over accepting no American commission until the war ends. Some businesses refuse, others continue. Meeting Black or Native American immigrants to England who served in the war, had family die in a Proclamation Killing, or had survived one themselves is not an uncommon thing in the present day. There is small listing of Negroes as valets in the Crimean War, some on the ground during the Indian Mutiny, and those in the lower classes participating in certain revolts or stating of issue to protest lower status. Their stories are well worked in to English life;
1865 :
❖ -- The publishing of
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is a novel by English author Lewis Carroll (the pseudonym of Charles Dodgson), telling the story of a young girl named Alice, who falls through a rabbit hole into a subterranean fantasy world populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children. One of the best-known and most popular works of English-language fiction, its narrative, structure, characters and imagery have been enormously influential in popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre. The work has never been out of print;
❖ -- March 13: first bombs dropped from
steam-powered dirigibles from the Union Army of the Potomac; subsequently the process was adopted by the British;
❖ -- October 22: The young Ferdinand von Zeppelin first flew as a
steam-powered dirigibles passenger with the Union Army of the Potomac; subsequently funded to enhance
steam-powered dirigibles development and production;
1869 :
November 17 -
Suez Canal opens, linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Britain had opposed the building of the Suez Canal by an international company, but changed its position in 1875 when Benjamin Disraeli's Conservative government bought 40% of the Canal Company's shares. The canal then became of vital strategic interest, particularly as a route to India and the Far East;
1870 :
Second Industrial Revolution: Rapid economic growth began to occur, springing from a new group of innovations including
new steel making processes, mass-production, assembly lines, electrical grid systems, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories;
1870 - 1872 :
Franco-Prussian War: often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire (and later, the Third French Republic) and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France's determination to restore its dominant position in continental Europe, which it had lost following Prussia's crushing victory over Austria in 1866. According to some historians, Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck deliberately provoked the French into declaring war on Prussia in order to draw four independent southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt—into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia. Some historians contend that Bismarck exploited the circumstances as they unfolded. None, however, dispute the fact that Bismarck must have recognized the potential for new German alliances, given the situation as a whole; :
Credit:
Much of the information was provided and/or researched by Livie Marie and William (me) from the defunct forum, Gears and Glass circa 2012, with updates for the forum Anachronistic Hearts
